Perspective on Education in Nigeria - 2851 Words

Perspectives on the History of Education in Nigeria, 2008 INDIGENOUS AFRICAN EDUCATION Dr. (Mrs.) A. A. Jekayinfa General Principles of Education Education is a universal process occurring in all human societies involving a society passed on its culture, that is the social, ethical, intellectual, artistic and industrial attainments of the group by which it can be differentiated from another group. It therefore goes on informally and has deep roots in the environment in which it takes place. No study of the history of education is complete without adequate knowledge of the traditional or indigenous education system prevalent in Africa before the introduction of Islam and Christianity. Every society whether simple or complex,†¦show more content†¦The education of the African Perspectives on the History of Education in Nigeria, 2008 child or adult was therefore a continuous activity and every member of the society was involved in it by passing on and/or learning what needs to be learnt in the society. It is a time-honoured principles and practice in almost all African societies that no individual has the right to exist unto himself alone. (Fafunwa, 1974). Everybody has to develop within the society and interact with others for the well being of the society in general. This is why communalism forms the basic philosophy on ownership of property, defence and other aspects of social life. Right from birth, the child is made to realize that his lot is tied on to that of the community which includes himself, his mates, the elders, the souls of the departed and generations unborn. Consequently, if he happens to default, he would realize the full implications of it, that it does not end with those whom he sees and talks to but also those he cannot see but who see him and follow his actions in details.. The principle all ows one to own property and to be individualistic to a certain extent but not all the time. You are trained to share your property, even clothes, with others.’ This sounds unhygienic but there are. safeguards to control this, theft and abuse of such privileges. Under this, same principle, land and landed property were notShow MoreRelatedTEACHER EDUCATION IN NIGERIA IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF LIFE-LONG EDUCATION7898 Words   |  32 PagesPROGRAM FACAULTY OF EDUCATION RESEARCH ON TEACHER EDUCATION TOPIC: TEACHER EDUCATION IN NIGERIA IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF LIFE-LONG EDUCATION LECTURER: PROF. RAO CONG-MAN et al PRESENTER: DIDAM BANENAT DATE: JUNE, 2013. CONTENTS An overview of Nigeria Introduction Educational Structure of Nigeria Management of the Educational System Genesis of Teacher Education in Nigeria Colleges of Education in Nigeria The National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE) The NationalRead MoreStrategic Decision Making For Nigerian Companies763 Words   |  4 PagesNigerian companies over the next five years. (PwC Nigeria – 2016 Report) I wish to use this medium to concentrate mostly on the incentives that stimulates me to pursue further studying and reflect the motives for my choice of an institute, scholarship as well as state my future career objectives. I have chosen to work in the area of Quantitative Economics, Data Analytics Risk Assurance, because it has such a demand for new ideas and perspectives. At the same time, it requires a good mathematicalRead MoreThe Macro Sociology Perspective1100 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve that we have not achieved equality and an example of that would be the education system. 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Financial Ratios Analysis Of The Toyota Motor Corporation Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1865 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? This report was written to make an analysis of the financial statements of the Toyota Motor Corporation for period from 2008 to 2010, according to analysis of the ratios and trend analysis of absolutes. The review of companys history and the impact of events happen to TMC gave an opportunity to enlarge our understandings of the entitys financial situation. Furthermore, this report performs a view to predict and forecast the expectations of the company. Introduction Nowadays major and popular companies publish their financial information such as balance sheet, cash flow, financial statement and others in order to perform the financial position of the company on the world market. All this financial data makes an influence on attractiveness of the company for investors and customers. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Ratios Analysis Of The Toyota Motor Corporation Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The purpose of this report is to study financial analysis instruments and methods according to published data of the company. The object of this report is Toyota Motor Corporation which takes the seventh place as the largest company worldwide and the second place as the largest manufacturer of automobiles. Toyota Motor Corporation founded in 1937 by Mr. Kiichiro Toyoda now is a famous multinational automaker simply known as Toyota. This company has 28 producing facilities all over the world, employs over 300ÂÂ  000 people and sells vehicles in over 170 countries/regions. As for me the reason why I have chosen this company was to study and understand how this company was succeeding for so many years and even having global problems with gas pedal and financial crisis Toyota still is one of the leading car producers. Consequently the analysis of the financial statements of Toyota Company can give the answers for many questions. Also, one more reason of my choice is that Toyota is one of the largest car distributors in my country, in Kazakhstan. I wanted to learn more what Toyota did for my country as a customer and what is position of TMC in world as in Kazakhstan Toyota cars are really demanded. The history of the Toyota Motor Corporation The era of information and technology made human race to develop different fields of business and automobile production was one of them. There are lots of companies established in XIX-XX century having a rich history, and Toyota Motor Corporation is not an exception. * * * Kiichiro Toyoda, born in 1894 founded Toyota Motor Corporation in August 28, 1937. Kiichiro devoted his entire life to the manufacturing cars. And his first A1 prototype passenger car was created in 1935 which initiated the birth of TMC. The Toyota Motor Corporation today Toyota Motor Corporation now is a famous multinational automaker simply known as Toyota. This company has lots of factories worldwide and produces such cars and buses branded as Lexus, Toyota, Scion. The Ratio analysis of The Toyota Motor Corporation The full financial picture for potential investors of any company is the annual report that makes an analysis of the financial profitability on the base of which a decision can be done whether invest or not. To perform the situation of TMC in a more precise way it is necessary to analyze the financial position of the company via financial ratios, statements and profitability. Financial ratios are helpful indicators of performance and financial situation of the company. The financial statements provide with the information from ratios. All these data give a full vision of trends and companys financial position. As many other business companies suffered from the global financial crisis, TM was impressed as well. Also the great scandal of Toyota cars recall didnt pass without a trace. All these events made a great influence on the financial stability of the company. For the beginning, the observation of the main financial statements such as income for the period, revenue, basic earnings and dividends per share is very useful analysis. For revenue statement of Toyota, the decrease can be considered from 262 394 ($ millions) on the end of March 2008 to 202 814 ($ millions) on the end of 2010. As a result, income for the period of 2008-2009 decreased almost for 21% and 2009-2010 for 2.5% due to several problems as the global financial crises and Toyota cars recall because of technical problems of gas pedal. Liquidity ratios Liquidity ratios calculation is the start point in ratio analysis. This calculation performs the amount of cash available in the company in most cases for twelve month. Current assets ratio The current assets ratio is a proportion between current assets and current liabilities. The main idea of this ratio is the current assets must be higher than current liabilities and the proportion to be 3 to 1 accordingly. Mar 31, 2010 Mar 31, 2009 Mar 31, 2008 139 914/114 364=1,22 114 396/107 212=1,06 120 633/119 181=1,01 A ratio under 1.2 can be a sign of weakness. Generally it may be the cause of the financial problems of the company however as can be seen from calculations above Toyota has been becoming more stable despite the global financial crisis and scandal of cars recall. Quick ratio or acid test ratio One more ratio to be considered is a quick ratio. It gives the statement analysis of the current assets without stock as it is difficult to exclude the stock (inventories) immediately and can be found as: (Current assets stock) / Current liabilities. Mar 31, 2010 Mar 31, 2009 Mar 31, 2008 (139914-15222)/114364=1,09 (114396-14776)/107212=0,93 (120633-18222)/119181=0,86 This indicator is a companys short-term liquidity.ÂÂ  ItÂÂ  measuresÂÂ  a companysÂÂ  ability to meetÂÂ  its short-term obligations withÂÂ  its most liquid assets. The main idea of quick ratio is the higher the quick ratio,ÂÂ  theÂÂ  better the position of theÂÂ  company. The appropriate proportion for this ratio is at least 1/1 meaning TMC was going up its position as a company during 2008-2010. Profitability ratios The next step is counting of profitability ratios which measure the profit of the company in terms of net assets or sales income. Return On Capital Employed Return on capital employed ratio gives the information how successfully the company uses own capital, simply the rate of return made on the total capital employed. The calculation is as following: Profit before Tax / (Total Assets Current Liabilities) Mar 31, 2010 Mar 31, 2009 Mar 31, 2008 3 119/(324 800-114 364)*100%=1,48% (5 674)/(294 240-107 212)*100%=(3,03%) 24 326/(323 968-119 181)*100%=11,88% This ratio is very important indicator of profitability of the company as ROCE shows how successful Toyota owned the capital financed for its assets. From the table above it is evident that ROCE ratio indicators in 2009 were negative which is connected with the global financial crisis. However a positive recovery TMC had next year. Gross profit ratio Gross profit ratio is the way to calculate the gross profit earned on sales which is determined as (Sales Cost of Goods Sold) or Gross profit/Sales. The figures of TMC are as follows: Mar 31, 2010 Mar 31, 2009 Mar 31, 2008 24 263/202 814=12% 20 996/207 852=10% 47 599/262 394=18% This ratio defines how profitable was the company to its sales. Mark-up ratio The next ratio connected with gross profit is mark-up ratio and defined as the Gross Profit divided by the Cost of Sales Sold. Mar 31, 2010 Mar 31, 2009 Mar 31, 2008 24 263/178 551=14% 20 996/186 856=11% 47 599/214 795=22% Net profit ratio Another ratio as Net Profit Ratio gives the relationship between profit and revenue and defined as follows (Net Profit before Taxation/Revenue): Mar 31, 2010 Mar 31, 2009 Mar 31, 2008 3 119/202 814=2% (5 674)/207 852=(3%) 24 326/262 394=9% This is very important ratio as it involves all the entitys costs. In the current case Toyota was more efficient in 2008 than in 2009 and 2010. As a result NP ratio is used to calculate the overall profitability. In case the net profit is not sufficient, the company will not be able to achieve a satisfactory return on its investment. Efficiency ratios Next step is to identify how the company is profitable in relation to investments. The four main ratios should be identified: fixed assets turnover, stock turnover, trade debtor/creditor collection period. Fixed assets turnover FAT is a proportion of net sales to fixed assets. It measures ability of the company to generate net sales from fixed-asset investments (property, plant and equipment). The higher the fixed-asset turnover the more effectively the company is using the investment in fixed assets to generate revenues. The formula for FAT is Net Sales divided by Net Property, Plant and Equipment. Mar 31, 2010 Mar 31, 2009 Mar 31, 2008 202 814/71 820=2,82 207 852/74 939=2,77 4/77 972=3,37 Stock turnover or inventory turnover A ratio that measures how often inventories are used per year. Stock turnover is defined as: Sales/Inventory Mar 31, 2010 Mar 31, 2009 Mar 31, 2008 202 814/15 222=13,32 207 852/14 776=14,07 262 394/18 222=14,40 Inventory turnover to be compared against industry averages. A low turnover means poor sales and, hence, excess of inventory. A high ratio tells either strong sales or ineffective buying. Trade debtor collection period This ratio evaluates how easily the entity can obtain its money to avoid cash flow problems. The formula is (trade debtors / sales) x 365 Mar 31, 2010 Mar 31, 2009 Mar 31, 2008 (75 859/202 814)*365=136,52 days (62 997/207 852)*365=110,63 days (74 140/262 394)*365=103,13 days As can be seen from the table above the trade debtors collection period was increasing since 2008 to 2010 which determines that the time for debtors to pay increased. Trade creditor collection period The similar calculation is for creditors as: (trade payables/turnover x 365 days). Mar 31, 2010 Mar 31, 2009 Mar 31, 2008 (41 159/202 814)*365= 74,07 days (29 274/207 852)*365= 51,41 days (49 225/262 394)*365= 68,47 days Investment ratios This ratio is a measurement of the direct interest of investors or shareholders. It covers analysis of dividend yield, dividend cover, earnings per share, price/earnings ratio and capital gearing. Dividend yield Dividend yield is expressed as an annual percentage of the companys annual cash dividend per share divided by the current price of the stock. The shareholder can value his income by comparing dividend per share and market price per share. The calculation is dividend per share/market share price: Mar 31, 2010 Mar 31, 2009 Mar 31, 2008 0,56/46,23=1,2% 1,23/38,51=3,2% 1,73/61,35=2,8% Dividend cover This ratio shows how often dividend can be received from current earnings. The formula is: profit after tax/dividends. Mar 31, 2010 Mar 31, 2009 Mar 31, 2008 2 569/1 846=1,39 times 4 670/4 455=1,05 times 16 368/4 300=3,81 times Earnings per share Earnings per share is a published information provided in the companys annual report. Mar 31, 2010, $ Mar 31, 2009, $ Mar 31, 2008, $ 0,82 1,72 6,67 Price/earnings ratio Price/earnings ratio defines relationship of market price per share and earnings per share. Mar 31, 2010 Mar 31, 2009 Mar 31, 2008 46,23/0,82=56,07 38,51/1,72=22,42 61,35/6,67=9,19 Earnings yield This ratio is the relationship of earnings ratio to price Mar 31, 2010 Mar 31, 2009 Mar 31, 2008 0,82/46,23=0,02 1,72/38,51=0,04 6,67/61,35=0,11 Gearing Gearing is ratio of borrowed capital and capital employed and calculated as (short-term loans and Overdrafts + long-term liabilities) / shareholders funds x 100. Mar 31, 2010 Mar 31, 2009 Mar 31, 2008 (64 966 + 41 159 + 75 079)/110 870*100=163,44% (70 748 + 29 274 + 63 799)/101 865*100=160,82% (62 163 + 49 225 + 59 706)/118 470*100=144,42% Interest cover Interest cover is a ratio used to define if a company is able to pay interest on outstanding debt. The formula of interest coverage ratio is (earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) of one period)/(interest expensesÂÂ  of the same period) Mar 31, 2010 Mar 31, 2009 Mar 31, 2008 3 477/358=9,71% (5 199)/475=(10,95%) 24 786/460=53,88% From data above it can be seen that TMC had financial problems with interest cover as the ratio fell down in 2009 however recovered in 2010. Conclusion The Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the biggest world cars producing company. Nowadays it has lots of manufacturing factories all over the world and the demand for Toyota cars is going up year by year as automobiles of this company are of good quality, sold on available price and safety. The financial analysis of the company performed the good statement in 2008 and recovery process till 2010 as TMC as other automobile producers suffered from the global financial crisis. Though Toyotas image was collapsed due to millions of cars recall, the company still has a stable position on the world market and will recovery easily. In conclusion, I would point out that the strong potential of TMC will return the level it had before and attract more and more investors to its business. Appendix Financial Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow are available from the following link https://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=TM+Income+Statementannual

The types and benefits of Open distance learning Free Essays

Open distance larning refers to instruction and preparation in which utilizing the learning resources, instead than go toing schoolroom Sessionss, is the cardinal characteristic of the learning experience. There are three types of unfastened distance scholars ( ODL ) : Face to face acquisition: Classroom Environment, Formal Classroom, Computer Laboratory, Science Laboratory, Number of Meetings, 5 or less meetings, 5 or more meetings, Teaching Schemes, Direct A ; Indirect. Self managed acquisition: Specialy designed faculties with support from: – CDROM Courseware, Digital Library, Physical Library, Capable Matter Experts, Peers, Tutors. We will write a custom essay sample on The types and benefits of Open distance learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Online acquisition: Resources, Learning Objects ( iTutorials, iWeblets ) , Multimedia Courseware, PDF Documents, Microsoft Office Attachments, Digital Library, Discussions. Most of ODL are part-timers and have households. Learners will be confronting jobs in equilibrating their work and instruction because of that and is genuinely disputing for them. As debut I want to foreground about the job face by get downing on-line scholars. In the modern-day age is the ability to have an instruction 1000s of stat mis off from a schoolroom in a convenient and efficient mode. Majority of universities presents offer unfastened online larning for pupils all around the universe. Get downing on-line scholar ‘s categories might non be an ideal circumstance for every interested individual. What are the jobs faced by get downing on-line scholars really? 2.0. Three chief job face by get downing on-line scholars: 2.1. Lack of socialising with equals and working with your larning manner: – A traditional schoolroom state of affairs is non possible to get downing on-line scholars for acquisition. If a societal interaction were accomplishable with get downing on-line scholars, pupils might be unsure to run into with person whom they merely know from the Internet. This job with online larning would decidedly impede a kinaesthetic or haptic scholar, and if the plan does n’t supply video interaction so an auditory scholar would besides non do as well.So by listening and discourse something or working with manipulatives, so get downing on-line scholars one think is non your best choice.As an coach, supervising pupil comprehension is of import otherwise pupils wo n’t understand the lesson moves on and one or more pupils are left behind to seek and calculate out what they did n’t catch up. Feeling behind while all others continue with the lesson will rapidly allow down their self-belief degree. Reflect on all of your options and judge what type of pupil you were in the yesteryear every bit good as what are the jobs faced by ODL in the last few old ages. Finally, you could detect an educational plan that hysterics your demands whether that is with a traditional manner instruction or an beginning online scholars instruction. 2.2. Juggling life: – When asked what are the jobs faced by unfastened distance scholars, life and its ensuing complications seems to be the figure one response. Most enrolled pupils in unfastened distance acquisition are committed to their life in some other manner apart from school such as a household to care for, some facet which occupies the their clip, a mandatory full-time occupation to pay the measures. Except the pupils make a personal committedness to finish the class of survey, odds are life will happen a manner to deflect and rupture them off from carry throughing their end of go oning their instruction. Unlike traditional university pupils who are ever in their acquisition group which supports them most of the clip, on-line scholars pupils are non. Online scholars pupil besides have a difficult clip in being independent and responsible to their ain ego. Most of the clip, no 1 would steer pupil larning procedure. Unfocused position of their acquisition ends besides will do the pupils act irresponsibly towards their acquisition. Beside that, they besides face jobs in acknowledging and get the hanging strengths and accomplishments. In on-line acquisition, engineering is the chief conduit which information and communicating flow. The pupils need to hold some basic authorship accomplishments and a go on-line appreciation of English linguistic communication. For this they must hold a computing machine with internet entree. Those looking to heighten their skill sets and capablenesss through online larning demand to fight with issues such as self-motivation, household committednesss, work life, clip direction, and other proficient activities. Balancing these issues with regular online categories, assignments, trials and tests can be ra ther disputing. Assignments and undertakings can be limited by feedback and appraisal by teachers. Developing relationships with real-world schoolmates and networking with other equals is besides restricted. 2.3. No established modus operandis: – Merely like pupils in a traditional school environment, unfastened distance scholars must make a dedicated topographic point for analyzing and larning to take topographic point. Successful pupils assign to a clip to analyze and a topographic point to analyze. It is portion of set uping a modus operandi that keeps pupils stop uping in front when times get tough yet life has demands and pupils of unfastened distance larning tend to derive a false sense of freedom. Yes, you ‘re free to larn at place but the other committednesss of life are traveling on around you. Students who stop, bead, and larn do n’t be given to retain as much information. Self-monitoring is non ever helpful particularly when cunctation sets in and one time the work starts stacking up there is less penchant to retrieve from that cunctation. Do non hold adequate clip, excessively many plants to be done and lazy are among other grounds given by this type of pupils in order to avoid analyzing for tests. 3.0. Solutions to the stated jobs for get downing on-line scholars: 3.1. Time direction: – To finish your surveies via a flexible agenda in an on-line format can be really advantageous as get downing on-line scholars. Many scholars who enroll in an on-line grade plan think that it is traveling to be easy to complete their coursework without a set category agenda to follow. Anyone who wants to win in an on-line grade plan should hold clip direction accomplishments. To do certain you devote a plenty sum of clip to your surveies, set aside specific period each hebdomad that you will give to your coursework. It ‘s besides of import to be after your friends and household members for the fact that you will be puting aside certain times for surveies. If non they will evidently believe that you ‘re available to them because you are at place. Efficient clip direction is n’t the lone challenge faced by pupils in on-line instruction plans but acquiring your agenda under control is one of the first things that every online scholar demands to make to fix to stand out in his or her categories. 3.2. Introduce new classs: – Introduction of a nucleus class to cover the needed accomplishments is the most great manner to guarantee that pupils are both enthusiastic and suitably prepared for ODL. The scholars need to ease the debut of group work into an otherwise â€Å" traditional † grade model, fit group work into the semester system and to develop academic staff in their apprehension of group accomplishments and theory. Supremely, a short class for staff should be run on a regular footing and an introductory nucleus class for pupils in the first twelvemonth of the plan should be introduced. This solution enables any classs within the plan to use group acquisition, confident that the key demands and accomplishments will already be familiar to the pupils prior to the beginning of the class. Likewise, get downing on-line scholars will be cognizant that group work may organize portion of the standard acquisition procedure, and are likely to near such classs with far less nervousness than might otherwis e be the instance. 3.3. Skills required at the beginning of the class: – In this instance where ODL engagement in a group work of minimal two hebdomads at the start of the class should be devoted wholly to the nucleus advantages, benefits of group acquisition and the accomplishments required without any anterior formal preparation in group skills.It seems hard. However, readying of get downing on-line scholars in this manner is an indispensable demand for successful group work and someway assumes less importance when one steps out of the more usual talk, seminar and tutorial manner. Group facilitation, duties to other group members and effectual online communicating are amongst the accomplishments that should be stressed in these Sessionss. One of import accomplishment to larning online is larning to pull off your clip foremost. We have to do a hebdomadal survey agenda for the most effectual ways to maintain on top of your studying.A Make clip usefull for offline activities. Make note of these at the beginning of the class and program consequently for them to be a succesfull scholar. Follow the schemes below: ( GOAL SETTING STRATEGIES ) S Specific M Measureable A Accomplishable R Realistic T Time-bound 4.0. Decision Taking a class or gaining a grade via online acquisition can be a worthwhile experience but requires some subject on your portion. Proper readying can take to a direct focal point on your classs. A coach ‘s counsel is important for the success of synergistic and brooding acquisition. The findings reveal that the teacher ‘s counsel reduced such jobs and that, to a certain extent, successful acquisition was achieved.A It is apparent that distance instruction pupils in the survey benefitted from this signifier of acquisition and possible to set about certain steps to minimise the jobs and to guarantee greater success in future efforts. Last but non least, squad instruction should be implemented with each teacher taking on certain function. So, when you sign up for online acquisition, do n’t merely excited at the beginning but as the hebdomads advancement, motive can diminish.A When this occurs, remind yourself of the ground you enrolled in the first topographic point. 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The Struggles of Independent Artists free essay sample

Anathema The music Industry Is one of the biggest Industries In the world today. With millions of people listening to some of the best singers; music has become a need for people today. There are many genres of music with floods of artists filling them. You have Justine Bibber who leads all singers in the pop category, in fan support. There is also country music, which is led by Taylor Swift. Rap is another big genre, which has many great rappers. Some include Ill Wayne and Mine. These artists make it hard for independent artists to showcase their talent.Loads of upcoming and current artists make It hard for Independent artists to have a successful career. Independent artists have a lot of competition to go through to have a successful career. They need talent in music and they need an interest in the music industry. They need to work hard and overcome the obstacles they face. Independent artists today have many obstacles in getting their music produced and heard; these include financial difficulties, difficulty in getting their music on the radio, and the censorship and banning of their music.The biggest obstacle In an Independent artists career Is developing It. This Is cause If they do not have the necessary amount of money needed, they will have no music to sell. Most Independent artists do not spend their money wisely, which results in failure. They either, blow money on unnecessary services, waste time in getting their music published, or simply do not have the amount of money needed to create their music. Ribs Finny wrote about this topic. He talks about what artists do with their money and he offers Ideas for the artists to improve their financial capableness. Here Is what he wrote.Many artists are under-funded and so they cant purchase the tools they need or ire the help they need. Sometimes this is a result of lack of funds to begin with. Sometimes it is because the available funds are not spent wisely. Successful artists know that they need to constantly invest and reinvest in their act. They establish a budget and stick with it. They raise capital if it is necessary, whether it comes from Investors, crowd sourcing, a loan or some sort of enterprising venture. If they are not good at managing their money, they hire someone who Is. They do not let money, or the lack of it stop them. Finny, 15 Reasons Why Some Indies Artists Fail And Others Succeed). Producing music is extremely expensive also. The more money artists put in their promotion, the more people will listen to their music. Artists need to decide on which path to take. They can either put loads of money in their song, or they can work hard and do many social interactions with future listeners. If they plan on selling an album, It can cost them plenty of money. Bar Scott wrote about how much this can cost. Scott says says she spent up to $ASK in bringing her album to the store. Here is what she went through to get her album out.To date, I have spent about $ask on Parachute. That means that I have to sell 5400 units at an average of $10 per CD to break even. Its worth noting here that I have not gotten paid at all for my part of this project. That will happen when I pay put on my credit card to make up the difference. (Scott, How Much Does it Cost to Make a CD in 2006? ). Although this was published in 2006, the cost to produce an album today, most likely, exceeds the amount Scott talks about. Artists can get an idea of how much it takes to make a album from her article. $ASK is extremely difficult to get.Many artists will also feel uncomfortable to use this money, because here is a risk involved. Artists cannot always make their money back. They can get a loss, and lose some of the money they put in. If an artist wants to become successful they would have to take the risk, even if they have some doubts. Artists will have to get their music on the radio to sell their copies, which is an whole other obstacle of its own. Artists also have a difficulty in getting their music played by their local radio stations. Most radio stations play the music that is much more popular. This leaves independent artists in the dust. This is because of the numerous famous artists, rood the radio stations, leaving no room for the independent artists. Marie Michaels writes in an article that you have to have amazing music Just to compete with the major artists. She states reasons why. She says Indies typically have no issues remembering they have to compete against established artists for airplay. If they forget, there will always be someone tat radio station who will remind them. Established artists have the backing of major labels, so their music can be so-so and still get airplay, while an Indiess good music will be tossed to the reject pile.For an Indies to win some much coveted airtime, their music has to outstanding, truly special, not Just good. (Michaels, Independent Artists: How to Get Radio Airplay). This shows that independent artists have to put all their effort in, even to get consideration, in being on the radio. Another reason why artists cant get radio airtime is because of Clear Channel. They are the multi-million dollar company that owns the most radio stations. In the Clear Channels Statistic article on Scatterbrain it tells how many stations Clear Channel owns.It says Clear Channel is he largest radio station group owner in the United States, both by number of stations and by revenue. The 850 stations reach more than 110 million listeners every week. If artists get rejected by one radio station owned by Clear Channel, they will probably get rejected by all of Clear Channels other radio stations. So for artists to be successful they need to be accepted by Clear Channel. These radio stations get a load of listeners. If artists are lucky enough to get some time, people who listen to the song and like it, will impulse buy it.So the more radio time they get, the higher more ales they get for their album. Even if they get radio airtime, some artists music might get censored. Some songs tend to get banned and censored. This may be because of the views shown in the song or the fact that the song contains loads of violence in it. Most of the music that was banned from the public were songs to do with politics. For example many songs were banned by Clear Channel after 9/1 1, because A senior executive at giant radio conglomerate Clear Channel Communications distributed a memo to all 1300 Clear Channel stations.This memo included a list of 150 songs with inappropriate lyrics. (Feldman Music Thats Been Banned). Some of the songs that were banned include What a Wonderful World, R. E. Ms Its the End of the World as We because their views may not be allowed, o be expressed, because of the restrictions of their music. Another reason why songs may get banned is because of violence. They can get banned because of the use of sex, drugs, or profanity. Most songs are even censored. This hurts the artist, because their song may not express its message with the song being censored.Threshold Trident wrote about why Hip-Hop music would not be censored. Hip Hop music has always been controversial. This is often as a result of the sensual beats and explicit lyrics, Hip Hop music claims to be the soul of the street. It signifies how real individuals in the streets speak, walk, behave and live. Hip Hop music is all concerning reality. Real lyrics! Its not regarding social welfare although it will be but to ask rapper to tone down his reality because it goes against the grain of politically correct society isnt the means to get his attention. This article is regarding freedom of expression in Hip Hop music.Trident Hip Hop Music Should Not Be Censored). He shares that he thinks rappers should be free to express their feeling. Artists should be able to express their music freely, without other people ruining their message. The obstacle their artists as to face, is the fact they have to change their song to something more appropriate, without ruing the message. Independent artists will have to go through any type of obstacles to be successful; these include money problems, radio airtime, and the restrictions of their music. Artists will have to control their money wisely and take a risk in using it.They would also have to push hard for radio airtime. They should also try and change the restrictions of their music or not let it change the meaning of their music. In any case, the arguments in this essay, can go for anyone doing anything. This is because; the essay states what obstacles the artists have to go through. This can be applied to other people in other industries. It could persuade them to use money wisely, fight for what is right, and to be more completive in what you are doing. People will always face obstacles when trying to become successful.